IEEE 802.16J-Relay Fortified Aeromacs Networks; Benefits and Challenges

Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) is an IEEE 802.16 standard-based (WiMAX) broadband aviation transmission technology, developed to provide safety critical communications coverage for airport surface in support of fixed and mobile ground to ground applications and services. We have previously demonstrated that IEEE 802.16j-amendment-based WiMAX is most feasible for AeroMACS applications. The principal argument in favor of application of IEEE 802.16j technology is the flexible and cost effective extension of radio coverage that is afforded by relay fortified WiMAX networks, with virtually no increase in the power requirements. In this article, following introductory remarks on airport surface communications, WiMAX and AeroMACS; the IEEE 802.16j-based WiMAX technology and multihop relay systems are briefly described. The two modes of relay operation supported by IEEE 802.16j amendment; i.e., transparent (TRS) and non-transparent (NTRS) modes, are discussed in some detail. Advantages and disadvantages of using TRS and NTRS in AeroMACS networks are summarized in a table. Practical issues vis--vis the inclusion of relays in AeroMACS networks are addressed. It is argued that the selection of relay type may affect a number of network parameters. A discussion on specific benefits and challenges of inclusion of relays in AeroMACS networks is provided. The article concludes that in case it is desired or necessary to exclusively employ one type of relay mode for all applications throughout an AeroMACS network, the proper selection would be the non-transparent mode

Considerations for Improving the Capacity and Performance of AeroMACS

The Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS) has progressed from concept through prototype development, testing, and standards development and is now poised for the first operational deployments at nine US airports by the Federal Aviation Administration. These initial deployments will support fixed applications. Mobile applications providing connectivity to and from aircraft and ground-based vehicles on the airport surface will occur at some point in the future. Given that many fixed applications are possible for AeroMACS, it is necessary to now consider whether the existing capacity of AeroMACS will be reached even before the mobile applications are ready to be added, since AeroMACS is constrained by both available bandwidth and transmit power limitations. This paper describes some concepts that may be applied to improve the future capacity of AeroMACS, with a particular emphasis on gains that can be derived from the addition of IEEE 802.16j multihop relays to the AeroMACS standard, where a significant analysis effort has been undertaken

Application of Multihop Relay for Performance Enhancement of AeroMACS Networks

A new transmission technology, based on IEEE 802.16-2009 (WiMAX), is currently being developed for airport surface communications. A C-band spectrum allocation at 5091-5150 MHz has been created by ITU to carry this application. The proposed technology, known as AeroMACS, will be used to support fixed and mobile ground to ground applications and services. This article proposes and demonstrates that IEEE 802.16j-amendment-based WiMAX is most feasible for AeroMACS applications. This amendment introduces multihop relay as an optional deployment that may be used to provide additional coverage and/or enhance the capacity of the network. Particular airport surface radio coverage situations for which IEEE 802.16-2009-WiMAX provides resolutions that are inefficient, costly, or excessively power consuming are discussed. In all these cases, it is argued that 16j technology offers a much better alternative. A major concern about deployment of AeroMACS is interference to co-allocated applications such as the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) feeder link. Our initial simulation results suggest that no additional interference to MSS feeder link is caused by deployment of IEEE 802.16j-based AeroMACS

A survey of some biological aspects of cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Biology aspects of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) were investigated from October 2005 to December 2006 in Northern waters of Persian Gulf (Hormozgan province).The reproduction cycle, sexual maturity, sex ratio, Fecundity, Lm50, feeding, length frequency, growth parameters and mortality of cobia were studied from total of 509 specimens ranged from 19 to 159 fork length. Gonadosomatic index peaked during spring and summer with main peak in June. Spontaneous spawning occurs around the year with peak in June. The overall female to male ratio was significantly 1 : 1.49 (P<0.05). Batch fecundity were estimated 1684954±118990 in 15 females. Relationship between total length and fecundity were calculated F=1.3717TL 2.9567 (r^2= 0.82). Feeding studies indicated that the bony fishes were main food of cobia (76%) and followed by crustaceans (25%) and mollusks (11%). Rays were least food items (22%). Maximum and Minimum GaSI were observed in March (33%) and August (0.07%) respectively. Females reached 50% sexual maturity at 81.25 cm TL. The total length -weight relationship was W=0.0042L3.1162 (r^2=0.9852). Thetotal length-fork length relationship was TL= 1.1561FL-2.533 (r^2= 0.9933). Growth parameters K, L, and t_0 were calculated by von bertalanfy growth equation: 0.11 (year1), 168.65 cm, 3.49 and -0.97 respectively. The instantons rate of total mortality (z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality estimated by catch curve analysis were 0.30, 0.25, 0.14 (year1). Exploitation rate and Tmax were 0.36 and 28 year respectively

مقایسه ی تأثیر فوری ارتوز AFO مرسوم و ارتوز لگني- مچ پايي بر پارامترهای راه رفتن در افراد مبتلا به بیماری ام اس

چکیده مقدمه: بیماری ام اس، بیماری خودایمنی سیستم اعصاب مرکزی است. در اغلب موارد در اثر این بیماری، عصبهای نخاعی و عصبهای بینایی آسیب می‌بینند. درمان ارتوزی در این بیماران، با توجه به ضعف عضلات مچ و هیپ و به دنبال افتادگی مچ پا بصورت متداول استفاده از AFO می باشد. بازخورد برخی از بیماران و همینطور نظر دست اندرکاران حاکی از آنست که بسیاری از بیماران از ارتوز AFO استفاده نمی نمایند. از طرف دیگر ارتوزی به نام لگنی- مچ پایی با ادعای کاهش مشکلات این گروه از بیماران در منابع طرح شده که در ایران تاکنون ساخته نشده است. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه 17 فرد مبتلا به بیماری ام اس با درگیری یکطرفه در اندام تحتانی شرکت کردند. پارامتر های راه رفتن شامل سرعت و تقارن گام پس از آزمون 2 دقیقه ای راه رفتن در حالت بدون ارتوز و با ارتوز AFOمرسوم و ارتوز لگنی- مچ پایی محاسبه گردید. تأثیر شاخص جثه، میزان اثربخشی ارتوز و رضایت از طریق پرسشنامه نیز در این افراد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج آزمون t زوج نشان می دهد، سرعت راه رفتن و تقارن گام در هنگام استفاده از ارتوز لگنی – مچ پایی در مقایسه با ارتوز AFO مرسوم دارای اختلاف معنادار می باشدP<0.001)). همچنین میزان رضایت از ارتوز AFO مرسوم با ارتوز لگنی-مچ پایی نیز دارای اختلاف معنادار است. در ارتباط با تاثیر شاخص جثه با اثربخشی مداخلات انجام شده بر روی سرعت و تقارن گام، اختلاف آماری معناداری مشاهده نگردید. نتیجه گیری: نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان می دهد که ارتوز لگنی– مچ پایی بصورت آنی، در بیماران ام اس با ضعف عضلات مچ پا و هیپ سبب بهبود در تقارن گام و افزایش سرعت راه رفتن می گردد. همینطور به نظر می رسد شاخص جثه عامل اثرگذاری در تجویز این ارتوز نمی باشد. کلید واژه ها: مولتیپل اسکلروزیس، ام اس، ارتوز، ارتوز لگني- مچ پايي، AFO

Various therapies in the treatment of patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint: A review of literature

Introduction: knee joint osteoarthritis is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal problems in adult population, which cause pain and functional limitations. Involvement of medial compartment is almost 10 times more common than lateral compartment, which results in varus deformity among patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint. Main objectives in the treatment of knee joint osteoarthritis are reducing pain, improving physical functions and reducing the progress of the disease. Treatments of knee joint osteoarthritis are classified in two categories: operative treatment and conservative treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different therapies in the treatment of patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint. Methods & Materials: An extensive electronic search was carried out through internationally published scholarly articles in ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Google Scholar from 1973 to 2014. Methodological quality of papers was assessed using Down and Black checklist. Results: With the literature search, we identified 60 papers. 24 articles were acquired in full text on the basis of inclusion criteria for further evaluation. The scores of reporting, external validity, internal validity (bias) and internal validity (confounding) were 2 to 9, 1 to 3, 2 to 5 and 2 to 5 respectively. Conclusion:   Among different non-surgical therapies in the treatment of patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint, all therapies had reported satisfactory results in reducing pain and disability, but with regard to low number of available literature, more randomized clinical trials are needed so that one can achieve determinable results in this regard. Keywords: Knee joint osteoarthritis, Physiotherapy, Weight loss, knee brace, Lateral wedge insol

Comparing the Effect of Two Kinds of the Traditional and the NASM Corrcetive Exercises Training Protocols on the Correction of Hyperlordosis in Female Students

Introduction: The hyperlordosis is one of the most common disorders among girls and it has been cosidered to achieve an appropriate program to reduce lumbar lordosis, so the aim of this study was to compare the effect of two kinds of traditional and National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) corrcetive exercises training protocols on the correction of hyperlordosis in female students. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 400 students of 18 to 22 years old were selected randomly and were screened. At the end, 45 students that had more than a 30 degree lumbar lurdosis angle curve were selected. Then they were randomly divided into three groups: the traditional exercises, the NASM exercises a control group. The experimental groups attended for 8 weeks, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each session. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA (P < 0.05). Results: Significant interactions were observed for 3 groups and tests (F(2, 42) = 43.3, P < 0.01). Contrasts revealed that ratings of lumbar lordisis decrease for NASM group (F(2, 42) = 95.2, P < 0.01, ES = 0.9) and traditional group (F(2, 42) = 17.2, P < 0.01, ES = 0.7) Were significantly higher than control group. Conclusion: It can be conclouded that the NASM corrcetive exercises training protocol was more effective in reducing the lumbar lordosis and it is recommended to clinicians, coaches, athletic trainers and other health related specialists to do this protocol for correcting the lumbar hyperlordosis

Evaluation of the effect of favipiravir on patients with COVID-19

Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. No specific drug has been accepted for COVID-19 treatment up to now. Favipiravir as an antiviral drug affects RNA viruses like influenza and Ebola. Accordingly, the aim of this study is the evaluation of favipiravir's effect on COVID-19 outcomes. Method: This is a randomized controlled study including 97 patients with COVID-19 randomly allocated into favipiravir or control groups. The primary outcomes were improvement of clinical manifestations and atrial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and the secondary outcome was the length of hospitalization. Results: Clinical manifestations recovery of COVID-19 patients was better in the favipiravir group, and the mortality rates were less than in the control group (P = 0.0001 for both). The level of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was significantly higher in the favipiravir group (P = 0.0001). The mean lymphocyte count was lower in the control group (P = 0.004). In addition, levels of blood urine nitrogen (BUN) were higher in the favipiravir group (P = 0.033). The length of hospitalization was similar in both groups (P = 0.586). Conclusion: Favipiravir can be effective for clinical and laboratory improvement of COVID-19 patients, and it is a promising drug for decreasing of mortality rate in these patients

The Effect of Change in Range of Motion of Metal KAFO Ankle Joint on Balance in Patients with Postpolio Syndrome (PPS)

Objective: Knee- ankle foot orthoses are the most commonly orthoses in the post-polio syndrome.Metal KAFOs are the most commonly prescribed orthoses in Iran. However, problems have been reported when using them, during walking. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of changes in range of motion of metal KAFO ankle joint on balance in patients with Post-polio syndrome. Materials & Methods: 22 post-polio syndrome patients (37-50 yr) from Red Crescent Rehabilitation Center participated in this study. Data collection were performed using by the balance master system with the participants wearing the conventional KAFO and KAFO with increased range of motion of the ankle joint. Data collection was performed with a two weeks follow-up period. Result: In KAFO with increased range of motion of ankle joint, the maximal backward excursion of COG (P<0.002), movement velocity toward the backward (P<0.018) increased when compared to conventional KAFO. The time of weight transfer was reduced while wearing KAFO with increased range of motion of ankle joint in comparison with –conventional KAFO (P<0.002). No significant differences were observed at the other parameters such as limit of stability and sit to stand. Conclusion: the results of this study showed that change in ankle joint range of motion of metal KAFO can let in improvement in some indicators related to postural stability in individual with post-polio syndrome